Essentially, the term sharp means a note is raised a note by one fret (a "semitone"), while flat means a note is lowered by one fret (a "semitone").The sharp has its own symbol and that symbol is (#). The flat also has its own symbol and it is (b).
Upon studying the chord theory, you'll notice each "in-between" two notes you will find one note and it has two alternate names: one being a letter name followed by a sharp sign, and the other being a letter name followed by a flat sign ( also recall that some notes don't have #'s or b's).
Note: in the key of C there are no sharps # or flats (b). so it means that if you were sitting at the piano, all the white keys make up the key of C. The black keys are the sharps and flats that make up other Major keys.
Here is a chart for you that shows you how many sharps(#'s) and flats(b's) we have in all 12 keys.
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